DYNAMICS AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF RICE CULTIVATION IN THE ETSAKO REGION, EDO STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract This study investigated the spatial patterns and socioeconomic implications of rice farming in Etsako, Edo State, Nigeria, addressing two research questions: What is the spatial pattern of rice cultivation in the study area, and what are its socioeconomic implications for farmers? Employing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from 328 rice farmers across Etsako West, East, and Central Local Government Areas using a two-stage sampling technique (purposive and systematic random sampling). Six communities in which rice was predominantly cultivated were purposively selected, then systematic random sampling was applied to select rice farmers within these communities and semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics, supported by the Livelihoods Framework, were used to analyze farm sizes, planting seasons, climate impacts, income, expenditure, and how earnings meet farmers’ needs (education, health, housing, food, clothing). Key findings reveal that most farmers (81.7%–88.7%) cultivate 1–2 hectares, with a slight increase in 3–4 hectares by 2017, driven by improved inputs. Two planting seasons dominated (81.0%), limited by rainfed systems, while rainfall (45.1%) and humidity (52.4%) significantly affect production. Income was substantial (59.5% earn above N300,000), but high losses (181 farmers) and moderate expenditure (68.6% spend N51,000–N100,000) reflect financial constraints. Earnings adequately met food (mean = 3.78) and clothing (mean = 3.53) need but fell short for education (mean = 2.59) and health (mean = 2.75). The study recommends the development of small-scale irrigation systems to extend planting seasons, strengthening extension services for climate-smart practices, and providing low-interest loans to enhance profitability and meet non-essential needs. These findings benefit farmers, policymakers, and extension officers by informing targeted interventions to boost productivity, reduce losses, and improve livelihoods, contributing to sustainable agricultural development in Etsako.