Embodiment of hydrocolonialism in the construction of the Thwake Dam Project in Makueni County, Kenya

Hydroelectric dam construction remains a key driver of economic growth in many low- and middle-income countries, providing the much-needed water for electricity generation, irrigation, and household use. Despite their economic benefits, dams are also associated with environmental, social, and health problems, including increased methane emissions, impacts on biodiversity, and social and health issues. This article employs the concept of hydrocolonialism to qualitatively examine the effects of the construction of the Thwake Dam in Makueni County, Kenya. The findings suggest that the social consequences of dam construction are manifestations of hydrocolonialism, embodied in lived experiences. Although these consequences are significant, they are frequently overlooked in policy debates because physical and environmental impacts tend to dominate the discussion. The article suggests that the hydrocolonialism framework is crucial for highlighting local narratives and examining the social and environmental injustices related to water infrastructure projects. Applying this approach to policy issues related to dam construction can help identify acceptable and sustainable solutions.