Enforcement Challenges in Urban Development Control: Evidence from Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Urban development control is critical for sustainable urban growth, orderly land-use management, and public safety. However, enforcement remains weak in rapidly urbanizing Nigerian cities despite existing planning laws. This study assessed enforcement challenges affecting development control in Kaduna Metropolis, focusing on the Kaduna State Urban Planning and Development Authority (KASUPDA). Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 200 respondents through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Independent Samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test) were employed at 5% significance level. Findings indicate moderate enforcement effectiveness in site inspections and compliance monitoring. However, inadequate funding, personnel shortages, political interference, corruption, rapid urbanization, and limited technology adoption significantly hinder enforcement. Respondents identified improved funding, increased manpower, digitalization, GIS, drone monitoring, and stakeholder engagement as key improvement strategies. The study concludes that strengthening institutional capacity and adopting innovative technologies are critical for enhancing development control enforcement and achieving sustainable urban development in Kaduna Metropolis.