Epidemiology of tuberculosis in resource-limited settings of Bauchi State, Northeastern Nigeria

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in resource-limited settings. Understanding local disease burden and associated risk factors is essential for targeted control strategies. This study determined the prevalence of tuberculosis and identified associated socio-demographic, environmental, and clinical risk factors among patients attending selected health facilities in Bauchi North, Northeastern Nigeria. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 symptomatic patients. Early morning sputum samples were collected and analyzed using the TB-LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification) assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics and potential risk factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Chi-square tests were used to determine associations between TB infection and independent variables, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of TB was 25.73%. Significant geographical variation was observed across Local Government Areas (p < 0.001). Age was significantly associated with TB infection, with the highest prevalence among individuals aged 70 – 79 years (p < 0.001). Low socioeconomic status, history of contact with TB patients, diabetes, HIV infection, and rural residence were significantly associated with TB (p < 0.05). Gender, smoking, and organ transplant history were not significantly associated with infection. Tuberculosis remains highly prevalent in Bauchi North. The findings highlight the need for strengthened case detection, targeted interventions for high-risk groups, integration of TB screening with HIV and diabetes services, and improved healthcare access in rural communities to reduce disease burden.