FARMER TRAINING AND ADOPTION OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS AMONG SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA

Climate-smart agricultural innovations can strengthen farm resilience, but their adoption depends partly on whether farmers acquire the knowledge and practical capability required for implementation. This study examined the relationship between farmer training and the adoption of climate-smart agricultural innovations among small-scale farmers in Kalama Ward, Machakos County, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used. From a beneficiary population of 600 farmers, 240 were sampled through multistage sampling, and 221 returned usable questionnaires, giving a response rate of 92.1%. Eight purposively selected key informants were also interviewed. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression, while qualitative evidence was analyzed thematically and used to support interpretation. Farmer training received a favorable composite rating (M = 4.03, SD = 0.86). Training had a strong positive correlation with adoption (r = 0.741, p < 0.01) and made the largest unique contribution in the four-predictor regression model (beta = 0.378, p < 0.001). Practical demonstrations, improved understanding, extension guidance, and opportunities for peer learning emerged as important training mechanisms. However, training frequency and post-training support received comparatively lower ratings. The study concludes that structured, practical, and continuous farmer training is strongly associated with the uptake and continued application of climate-smart agricultural innovations. Agricultural agencies and project implementers should combine demonstrations, farmer field schools, peer learning, and sustained extension follow-up to strengthen adoption.