GIS and modern technologies in climate change adaptation and mitigation with a focus on North African river systems

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and modern technologies have emerged as essential tools in addressing the complex challenges posed by climate change, particularly in water-reliant regions like North Africa. The river basins of the Nile, Medjerda, and Draa are critical for sustaining agriculture, potable water supply, and economic activities in this predominantly arid region. This study examines the application of GIS, remote sensing, and digital modeling to enhance climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, focusing on the interactions between human activities, water systems, and climate variability. Through spatial and temporal analyses, the research identifi es critical areas of water stress, agricultural vulnerability, and population pressures within 10, 20, and 50 km buff er zones around key river systems. By integrating data on population density, agricultural practices, and hydrological variability, GIS highlights regions at heightened risk. Modern technologies such as satellite imagery, machine learning, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) models improve the precision of mapping and forecasting climate-related risks. Findings emphasize GIS's role in identifying fl ood-prone areas, monitoring agricultural sustainability, and optimizing renewable energy potential. Special attention is given to water-scarce regions where river systems are stressed by over-extraction, pollution, and climate-induced hydrological changes. Proposed interventions include advanced irrigation systems, rainwater harvesting, and renewable energy solutions. The study also underscores the need for transboundary cooperation among North African nations to ensure equitable and sustainable water resource management. This research supports global climate adaptation eff orts, demonstrating how GIS and remote sensing enhance resilience, resource management, and sustainable development in North Africa and beyond.