High-resolution least-cost electrification model for Benin. Maps every settlement to its cheapest supply option, Grid, Mini-Grid, or Solar Home System, by combining geospatial data, Multi-Tier demand modelling, and rigorous LCOE costing.
# Settlement-Level Least-Cost Electrification (Benin, 2025-2040)
Open-source toolkit combining geospatial analytics with Multi-Tier demand modelling and strict LCOE costing.
**Why it stands out**
- Spatial resolution: every known settlement evaluated.
- Technology-agnostic: grid, mini-grid, and SHS cost curves in one model.
- Transparent parameters: all assumptions centralized in `parameters.py`.
- Reproducible: single CLI command or Python API call.
- Policy-ready outputs: investment and technology map directly usable by planners, financiers, and researchers.
## Headline numbers
| Technology | Settlements | Population | Investment |
|------------|-------------|------------|------------|
| Grid | 1,523 (9%) | 11.5M (81%) | $1.58B |
| Mini-Grid | 7,552 (44%) | 2.1M (15%) | $0.67B |
| SHS | 8,130 (47%) | 0.5M (4%) | $0.01B |
| **Total** | **17,205** | **14.1M** | **$2.26B** |
## Workflow
```mermaid
flowchart TB
subgraph INPUT["INPUT"]
A[Geospatial Settlement Data]
end
subgraph CLASSIFY["CLASSIFICATION"]
B1[Urban / Rural]
B2[Energy Access Tier]
B3[Household Count]
end
subgraph DEMAND["DEMAND ESTIMATION"]
C1[Residential]
C2[Commercial]
C3[Agricultural]
C4[Public Services]
C5[Growth Projection]
end
subgraph COST["TECHNOLOGY COSTING"]
D1[Grid Extension]
D2[Mini-Grid]
D3[Solar Home Systems]
end
subgraph SELECT["OPTIMIZATION"]
E1[LCOE Comparison]
E2[Least-Cost Selection]
end
subgraph OUTPUT["OUTPUT"]
F[Technology & Investment per Settlement]
end
A --> B1 --> B2 --> B3
B3 --> C1 & C2 & C3 & C4
C1 & C2 & C3 & C4 --> C5
C5 --> D1 & D2 & D3
D1 & D2 & D3 --> E1 --> E2 --> F
style INPUT fill:#e3f2fd
style CLASSIFY fill:#fff3e0
style DEMAND fill:#f3e5f5
style COST fill:#e8f5e9
style SELECT fill:#fce4ec
style OUTPUT fill:#e0f2f1
```
**Approach:**
1. **Classification** - Categorize settlements by urbanization level and energy access tier using demographic and wealth indicators
2. **Demand** - Estimate sectoral electricity demand (residential, productive, public) an …