Replication of Lambon-Quayefio et al. (2025) - Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurship in Ghana
# Replication Study: Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurship — Business Networks and Collaborations in Ghana
**Original Paper**: Lambon-Quayefio, Asiedu, Truffa, and Wong (2025). "Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurship: Business Networks and Collaborations in Ghana." *AEA Papers and Proceedings* 115: 495-99.
**Replication Package**: openICPSR 228101
**Replication Date**: March 2026
**Data**: The data files required to run this code are available at the openICPSR link above. Download the replication package and place the contents in a `228101-V1/` directory alongside this code.
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## TLDR
**Replication status**: All main findings replicate successfully. Coefficient magnitudes, SEs, and significance levels are consistent across all tables and figures.
**Key findings confirmed**: Female business owners earn ~GHS 889 less/month (-30% of mean), have smaller business networks, and the networking index predicts profits (610 GHS per SD). The gender profit gap is robust to winsorizing, log transforms, and alternative SE specifications.
**Main concerns**: (1) Adding product fixed effects reduces the female coefficient by ~40% and renders it insignificant in the kitchen-sink model, suggesting much of the gender gap operates through product selection. (2) Quantile regression shows no gender gap at the 10th-25th percentiles — the gap is entirely concentrated at the median and above, consistent with a "glass ceiling" interpretation.
**Code bug found**: The published `output.do` references a variable `profit` that is never created in `clean.do` (which creates `profits_lastmonth` instead). The code cannot run as-is without modification. This is a packaging oversight, not an analytical error — it does not affect any published results.
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## 1. Introduction and Paper Summary
This paper examines gender disparities in business networks among 1,487 agribusiness owners in Ghana. The key findings are:
1. **Gender profit gap**: Female business owners earn significantly less than males (ab …