Heavy Metal Concentrations in Local and Northern Goat Breeds and their Associated Health Risks through Consumption

This study investigated heavy metal concentrations and associated health risks in tissues (kidney, liver, and muscle) of local and northern goat breeds obtained from Oliha and Aduwawa Cattle Markets, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine levels of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Results showed that Zn had the highest concentrations in all tissues, with the muscle of the local breed showing the greatest accumulation (1.4 ± 0.28 mg/kg), while the local breed kidney had the lowest (0.2±0.141). Cd and Pb levels were generally below detectable limits in most tissues, particularly in the northern breed. The measured concentrations of all metals were within permissible limits for human consumption. Health risk assessment revealed target hazard quotient (THQ) values of 0.00694 (local breed) and 0.00361 (northern breed), indicating no non-carcinogenic risk. However, cancer risk (CR) values for Cd (2.04 × 10⁻⁵) and Pb (4.82 × 10⁻8) in the local breed were below the recommended threshold (10⁻⁴). The presence of heavy metals in local breed suggests potential carcinogenic concern from local goat meat consumption. Overall, meat from both northern and local goats breed posed minimal health risk. However, regular monitoring of heavy metals in livestock and further studies on both indigenous and imported animals is recommended to protect public health and strengthen food safety measures.