How Language Policies Can Foster Linguistic Inequality and Conflict: the Case of Multilingual Ethiopia

Abstract Ethiopia is a multiethnic country with more than 80 languages. Its cultural and linguistic diversity has been a source of challenges and tensions, which have often manifested in conflicts between ethnic groups and the government, as well as resentment between ethnolinguistic groups, and have periodically escalated into violent conflicts. In this paper, we provide overviews of the languages, historical eras, and associated language policies in Ethiopia. Based on the scientific literature, policy documents, ( I ) NGO reports, and media sources, we examine the role of language and language policies in (i) asserting power, (ii) resisting domination, (iii) catalyzing protest, and (iv) mobilizing for conflict during several major armed struggles. The article sheds light on the profound impact of language policy on ethnic and political tensions. We conclude with policy recommendations and implications for research on heritage languages.