Immunophenotyping and Molecular Patterns of Prostate Cancer in East Africa: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications-A Systematic Review

This research project constitutes a systematic synthesis of the burgeoning landscape of uro-oncology in East Africa, specifically targeting the immunophenotypic profiles and molecular drivers of prostate cancer. The primary objective is to address the "genomic disparity" in global health by mapping population-specific markers that have historically been overlooked in Western-centric diagnostic frameworks. By evaluating studies from East Africa, this review seeks to characterize the biological underpinnings of the aggressive clinical phenotypes and the "late-stage presentation paradox"-a phenomenon where patients frequently present with high-volume, metastatic disease that precludes curative intervention. Adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, the project rigorously appraises contemporary evidence (2011–2025) using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools to ensure a low risk of bias. The research investigates the diagnostic and prognostic utility of secondary biomarkers (including Cyclin D1, ERG protein expression, and BRCA1/2 tumor suppressors) alongside germline genomic alterations. The project aims to provide a comprehensive molecular-immunophenotypic map that can serve as a blueprint for "decolonizing" risk assessment in East African urological practice.