Impact of Climate Change on Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria

There is an overwhelming increase in climate variability with its threats to agricultural productivity and rural welfare. Smallholder farmers in Nigeria and Benue State in particular, who depend largely on rain-fed agriculture, are becoming vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature, rainfall and humidity which affect output, income and poverty levels. This study therefore, examines the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. The study adopts a multi-stage sampling technique and utilizes both primary and secondary data sources. A total of 500 questionnaires were administered across three selected Local Government Areas namely Katsina-Ala, Buruku and Okpogwu, while econometric techniques, including multiple regression and logit models, were employed for analysis. The study found that rainfall and humidity have positive and statistically significant impacts on the yields of major crops, whereas high temperature exerts a negative influence on agricultural output. Low temperature shows a positive relationship with crop yields but negatively affects farmers’ income. Furthermore, climate variables significantly influence farmers’ income and increase their vulnerability to poverty. The study concludes that climate change poses a substantial threat to agricultural productivity and livelihoods in Benue State. It recommends the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, increased investment in irrigation and water management systems, strengthened agricultural extension services, and improved rural infrastructure to enhance resilience and reduce poverty among smallholder farmers.