Indigenous Knowledge in Health Management: Exploring Safwa Community Practices in Mbeya, Tanzania

Indigenous medicine remains a vital component of health care in many African communities, yet its role is often under-researched in the context of formal health systems. This study explored the use and perceptions of indigenous knowledge practices in health management among the Safwa communities in the Mbeya Region, Tanzania. The research aimed to understand the prevalence, types, and cultural relevance of traditional health practices, as well as the socio-demographic factors influencing their use. A mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 200 respondents using structured questionnaires and analyszed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests of association. Additionally, qualitative data were gathered through focus group discussions with traditional healers and local health professionals and analyzed analysed thematically. Findings revealed that 83.5% of respondents reported frequent use of indigenous medicine. The most common treatment methods included herbals (56.17%), tree bark concoctions (22.22%), and honey-based remedies (12.35%). These remedies were primarily used to treat colds, wounds, digestive issues, and pregnancy- related health challenges. Chi-square test results showed statistically significant associations between the use of indigenous medicine and educational level (χ² = 19.46,p = 0.001), as well as occupation (χ² = 13.78,p = 0.008), suggesting that individuals with lower formal education and those engaged in farming were more likely to use traditional practices. Demographic analysis showed that 53% of respondents were male and 47% female; 54% had primary education, and 71% were farmers. The dominant age group was 20-30 years (32.5%), followed by 31-40 years (27%), while only 7% were above 60. Most respondents identified as Christian (95.5%), and 77% were married. Qualitative insights revealed that indigenous medicine is perceived as more affordable, accessible, and culturally aligned than modern health care services. Several participants expressed greater trust in traditional healers due to their perceived understanding of local illnesses and spiritual beliefs. The study underscores the continued reliance on and trust in indigenous health systems in rural Tanzania. It highlights the need for policymakers and health professionals to recognize recognise and integrate indigenous knowledge into primary health care strategies. Such integration could enhance culturally sensitive health interventions and foster collaboration between traditional and modern practitioners, ultimately improving health outcomes in underserved communities.