Industry 4.0 and Construction Project Labour Productivity (CPLP) in Kenya:

The persistent stagnation of labour productivity in the construction sector poses a critical challenge to economic growth in developing countries, including Kenya. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has been widely promoted as a transformative solution capable of reversing this trend through digitalisation, automation, and data-driven decision-making. This study critically evaluates whether the adoption of 4IR technologies constitutes a viable pathway (panacea) to improving Construction Project Labour Productivity (CPLP) or whether it introduces implementation risks (sinking sand) that undermine expected gains. Anchored in post-positivist and pragmatic research paradigms, the study draws on previously developed CPLP predictive models based on empirical project data from Nairobi. The models demonstrate that Project Information Flow (PIF) and Project Materials Flow (PMF) jointly explain 88.0% of the variations in CPLP. A reflexive qualitative analysis is then employed to interrogate the practical feasibility of translating these theoretical gains into on-site productivity improvements. Findings indicate that while 4IR technologies can significantly enhance PIF and PMF, their effectiveness depends on human capacity, infrastructure readiness, and change management. Without these enabling conditions, technology adoption risks becoming counterproductive. The study concludes by proposing a strategic implementation framework to convert 4IR potential into measurable productivity outcomes.