Inequalities in Head and Neck Cancer

Abstract Despite advancements, head and neck cancer (HNC) remains a global health burden, with varying epidemiology across different populations. Human papillomavirus infection, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption are key risk factors contributing to disparities in HNC incidence. Reporting of race and ethnicity is often based on self-disclosure, thus complicating accurate data collection. To address this, European and South African governments are collaborating with the private sector to establish patient-led cancer registries to improve reporting and data accuracy. In Nigeria, the 2016 Campaign for HNC Education focuses on primary prevention, including oral examinations and preventive agents. However, advanced strategies are needed to bridge disparities in HNC care and outcomes both within and between countries. Monitoring healthcare access for HNC patients is crucial, and promoting nutrition, mental health, and physical activity should be a preventive priority.