Innovative Physics Education in Low-Resource Settings: A Review of Context Based, Low Cost, and Technology Enhanced Strategies in Ethiopia

Physics education in Ethiopia faces persistent challenges including inadequate laboratories, theory heavy instruction, teacher shortages, and low student motivation, constraints shared across many low resource settings in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia. This review synthesises peer reviewed evidence on three innovative strategies, context based teaching, low cost DIY experiments, and technology enhanced learning that aim to improve physics education outcomes in resource limited Ethiopian schools. A systematic search of Scopus, ERIC, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online was conducted for studies published between 2010 and 2026. Inclusion criteria required peer reviewed empirical research focused on Ethiopia or analogous low resource contexts. Thematic synthesis was used to extract and integrate findings. Findings: Context based instruction (e.g., Cambridge Bahir Dar collaboration) increases relevance and engagement. Low cost DIY kits (e.g., WS2 initiative) reached over 8,100 students across eastern Africa, with 62% girls and high enjoyment ratings (4.81/5). PhET simulation studies in Ethiopia consistently show significant conceptual gains. Blended virtual physical labs produce the most balanced improvements across learning outcomes. Teacher professional development is most effective when paired with student workbooks and sustained follow up. Low resource settings need not emulate Western laboratory models; locally grounded, affordable, and technology enhanced innovations can effectively address systemic barriers. Different learning outcomes develop independently, requiring explicit instructional design. Ethiopia’s Ministry of Education should integrate low cost experiment construction into the curriculum, establish regional maker hubs, invest in sustained teacher training, and revise assessment to include practical skills.