Integrating National Identification Systems into Electoral Processes: Policy and Technical Considerations for Liberia's 2029 Elections

Liberia's 2023 elections marked a significant step toward digital transformation through the implementation of biometric voter registration (BVR), enrolling approximately 2.5 million citizens. Following this milestone, the National Elections Commission (NEC) and the National Identification Registry (NIR) initiated a strategic collaboration to integrate national identification systems into the electoral process for the 2029 elections. This research examines the policy, institutional, and technical considerations involved in enabling this integration, using a qualitative-technical analysis framed by Digital Governance and ICT for Development (ICT4D) theories. Five data-extraction models-real-time API, periodic encrypted bulk export, database replication, managed cloud exchange, and secure physical transfer-were comparatively assessed for sustainability, cost-effectiveness, ICT skill requirements, and infrastructure compatibility. Results indicate that a hybrid model combining periodic bulk data transfers with selective API verification and offline redundancy provides the most context-appropriate solution for Liberia's low-connectivity environment. The study outlines a phased implementation plan (2025-2029), cost projections between USD 10.9 and 15.6 million, and necessary governance frameworks for data protection, institutional coordination, and technical sustainability. The findings demonstrate that integrating national ID and voter registration systems can reduce duplication, improve efficiency, and strengthen electoral integrity in developing democracies.