Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices [KAP] Regarding Cleaner Production among Kenyan Fruit Processing SMEs

Fruit processing is highly resource-intensive. Achieving production efficiency largely depends on the knowledge and adoption of cleaner production methods by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which dominate the sector in Kenya. Enterprise interviews/ surveys with 53 fruit-processing SMEs in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area were conducted, and their operational practices were observed in real time. A robust mixed-methods approach was employed to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cleaner production. Data from an extensive in-depth literature review on prevailing trends, barriers, and opportunities in the sector were used to triangulate the findings. Additional validation was provided from multiple sources through stakeholder interviews with sector actors and a focus group discussion. The results indicate that a majority (>70%) of SMEs demonstrate strong environmental awareness. However, most lack proper basic documentation for monitoring resource consumption, revealing a gap between knowledge and actual practice. Waste segregation remains limited, with 57% of SMEs using waste bins that are inconsistently labeled or completely absent. While 77% of respondents acknowledged that water recycling helps reduce freshwater use, implementation remains below 30%. Awareness levels varied significantly by SME location (χ² (1) = 0.024, p < 0.05), years of operation (χ² (2) = 0.048, p < 0.05), and age group of SME representatives (χ² (2) = 0.05, p < 0.05). These variations highlight the need for context-specific interventions tailored to different enterprise profiles. A generally positive attitude toward waste management was observed, with most SMEs recognizing the environmental benefits of renewable energy use, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions and lower operational costs. To promote sustainability, SMEs must adopt more efficient production practices, including waste valorization and energy recovery that balance economic performance with environmental responsibility. Accordingly, policymakers should prioritize capacity building and develop targeted policies through financial incentives, technical assistance, and regulatory frameworks to strengthen the adoption of cleaner production methods in the sector. Key words: Cleaner Production, Fruit Processing, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, SMEs, Fruit Processing