Leveraging AI for Agricultural Education: Innovations and Challenges in Nigeria

Across all subject areas, artificial intelligence (AI) is changing teaching methods and opening up new avenues for improving engagement, skill development, and personalisation. AI holds special promise for filling 
in the gaps left by out-of-date curricula, a lack of faculty, and resource limitations in agricultural education, where contextual learning and practical competencies are crucial. This review examines at AI-driven educational applications around the world and assesses how applicable they are to Nigerian agricultural higher education. It also highlights adoption barriers and suggests ways to integrate in a sustainable way using the Quadruple Helix Model. The study, which focuses on AI tools like chatbots, virtual labs, adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, and machine learning-based tests, synthesises findings from both international literature and Nigerian case studies. The analysis and recommendations are guided by the Quadruple Helix framework, which consists of academia, government, industry, and civil society. Research shows that AI technologies are becoming more and more successful in improving blended and remote learning environments across the globe. Improved student engagement, individualised learning opportunities, and competency-based evaluation are examples of successful results. However, there are still obstacles in 
Nigeria, such as low AI literacy among teachers, poor infrastructure, exorbitant expenses, and moral dilemmas involving bias and data privacy. AI has the potential to revolutionise agricultural education by promoting scalable, impactful, and inclusive paedagogies. Cross sectoral cooperation, curriculum redesign, institutional capacity building, and ethical protections are necessary for sustainable adoption in Nigeria. This review offers practical ways to improve agricultural learning outcomes and productivity while also adding to research 
agendas and policy discussions.