Methodological Evaluation of Off-Grid Communities Systems in Ghana: A Randomized Field Trial for Cost-Efficiency Assessment

The study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of off-grid communities systems in Ghana, focusing on agricultural productivity and sustainability. A randomized controlled trial was employed, with 100 randomly selected households across three regions in Ghana. Data were collected on energy usage, crop yields, and financial performance over one year. The results indicate a significant increase of 25% in agricultural output among participants who adopted the off-grid systems compared to control groups. The study confirms that off-grid communities systems enhance cost-effectiveness for small-scale farmers in Ghana, reducing energy costs and improving yields. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt these systems with tailored financial support from government agencies to maximise benefits. off-grid systems, agricultural productivity, randomized field trial, cost-effectiveness, Ghana The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.