Abstract
This chapter presents two cases that relate to innovations in smallholder contexts, where food insecurity and a changing climate create a context of vulnerability framed by uncertainty and risks. The innovations (genetically modified cassava for smallholder farming in Kenya and remote-sensing technologies with unmanned aerial vehicles for East African smallholder farmers) provide examples of how translational research can address some of the ethical issues that arise from technological fixes. The common thread in these cases is the way participatory approach can help mitigate potential ethical challenges that arise when scientists and innovators seek solutions to difficult problems in contexts where there are differences in values, power and knowledge by a diversity of actors or stakeholders and institutions, and where the context itself may impact on the outcomes.