Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed Production and Supply Systems among Smallholder Farmers in the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia

Abstract Onion ( Allium cepa L.) is an important high-value crop grown extensively in Ethiopia, particularly in the Central Rift Valley (CRV), where the conditions are ideal for both bulb and seed production. However, the region faces challenges such as low productivity, unauthentic and counterfeit seeds, poor production practices, and inefficient seed supply systems. This study assessed the current onion seed sources and production practices, post-harvest handlings, seed supply systems, and associated challenges and opportunities among smallholder farmers. A cross-sectional research design was employed using multistage sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using IBS SPSS software and Microsoft Excel. The results showed that majority of farmers obtained seeds from informal sources such as local markets (18.80%), shops (21.37%), and other farmers (17.10%). Open-pollinated varieties were the most commonly used (70.20%), with hybrid varieties being less popular (8.28%). Traditional seed production practices were predominant, with high seed rates, local varieties, and intensive field managements. Post-harvest losses were around 10–20% in quantity and quality. Seed sources were significantly associated with access to extension services (P ≤ 0.05). Seed losses were found to be positively and significantly correlated with poor storage practices (r = 0.42, P ≤ 0.01). Unauthenticated seed sources, weak institutional linkages, limited extension services, inadequate seed processing facilities, and fragmented seed distribution systems were major challenges. In conclusion, strengthen formal and intermediate seed systems through establishing public-private partnership (PPP) networks and enforcement of national seed policy, proclamation, regulation, and standard for produced and imported seeds. Enhancing access to certified seeds and establishing formal distribution networks are crucial measures to decrease the prevalence of poor quality seeds and boost productivity for sustainable development. This contributes to some of the Sustainable Development Goals like Zero Hunger, No Poverty, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Responsible Consumption and Production, and Climate Action. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, seed producers and other stakeholders looking to improve onion seed systems in Ethiopia and similar agro-ecological situations.