Optimizing Photovoltaic and Battery Capacity with Building and Electric Vehicle Demand for Curtailment Reduction in Morocco

This paper examines whether electric vehicle charging can absorb photovoltaic energy that is unused by a Moroccan building-load system equipped with battery storage. The study uses an hourly mixed-integer linear programming model that separates building demand, electric vehicle charging, photovoltaic supply, battery charge and discharge, grid import, paid export, and residual curtailed energy. Three cases are evaluated: a no-electric-vehicle reference design, an electric-vehicle case using the same photovoltaic and battery capacities as the reference design, and an electric-vehicle case with photovoltaic and battery capacities re-sized by the optimizer. With fixed capacities, electric vehicle charging reduces annual photovoltaic curtailment from 16.46% to 12.21% and covers 83.78% of charging demand from local renewable supply. When capacities are re-optimized, the self-sufficiency ratio increases to 77.68% and grid dependency falls to 22.32%, but curtailment increases to 13.86% because the economic solution adds photovoltaic capacity without a comparable storage increase. The comparison indicates that electric vehicle charging is useful as a local absorption load, but its benefit depends on the capacity mix, charging timing, and export value.