Examples of current habitat suitability (D-F) and predicted changes in suitability by 2050 (G-I), and 2090 (J-L) for three example species (photos of species shown in A-C) of high medical importance. Overall suitability is predicted to increase greatly for the Black-necked Spitting Cobra, Naja nigricollis across East Africa (A, D, G, J), remain relatively stable for the Northeast African Carpet Viper, Echis pyramidum (B, E, H, K), and decrease for the Puff Adder, Bitis arietans (C; F; I; L). Maps were created in ESRI ArcPro 3.1.0 [52]. Basemap shows WHO admin 0 country boundaries 2024 (CC BY 4.0). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of is authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.