<p>Funnel plot Ethiopia studies (K = 10).</p>

Background

Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) causing chronic lower limb lymphoedema through prolonged barefoot exposure to irritant volcanic soils. Despite affecting an estimated 4 million people globally, podoconiosis remains absent from the Global Burden of Disease study and severely under-researched relative to its impact. East Africa carries the greatest regional burden, yet no comprehensive synthesis of prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), or economic burden data exists for the region. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by synthesising available evidence on the prevalence and health and economic burden of podoconiosis across East Africa.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EconLit, WHO AFROLIB, and Google Scholar for studies published in English between 2011 and 2023. Studies reporting population-based podoconiosis prevalence, DALYs, or economic burden data from East African countries as defined by the UN M49 geoscheme were eligible for inclusion. Grey literature was also searched, including reports, ministry of health documents, and conference proceedings both in English and French, to capture evidence not indexed in academic databases. The search was updated in March 2026 to ensure the most current evidence was captured. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Prevalence data were pooled using a random-effects model with the DerSimonian-Laird estimator and Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Subgroup analyses were conducted by country, sample size, and geographic scope.

Results

Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 10 from Ethiopia, 2 from Kenya, and 1 each from Uganda and Rwanda, collectively examining 1,720,437 individuals. The overall pooled prevalence was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.14–1.25) on the transformed scale, with extreme heterogeneity (I² = 99.0%). The Ethiopia-specific pooled prevalence was 4.52% (95% CI: 3.92–5.16%), compared to 0.20% (95% CI: 0.10–0.33%) for the non-Ethiopian subgroup, a more than 20-fold difference. A consistent inverse relationship between sample size and observed prevalence was identified across all analyses, reflecting the systematic tendency of smaller studies to target confirmed endemic foci while larger surveys captured broader populations. Only one study Deribe et al. (2020), reported DALY and economic burden estimates, confined to Ethiopia, estimating 172,073 DALYs annually and a total economic burden of US$213.2 million per year.

Conclusion

Podoconiosis imposes a substantial but profoundly under-quantified burden across East Africa, with disease intensity disproportionately concentrated in Ethiopian highland communities. The near-complete absence of DALY and economic burden data outside Ethiopia represents a critical evidence gap. Standardised nationally representative surveys, expansion of burden modelling beyond Ethiopia, and advocacy for inclusion of podoconiosis in the Global Burden of Disease study are urgently needed to support evidence-based policy and resource prioritisation across the region. This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with the registration number: CRD42023432640.