<p>Study selection.</p>

Flowchart illustrating the study selection process for assessing NG prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, presented according to PRISMA guidelines [20]. Abbreviations: AIDS, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ^*“Marked as ineligible by automation tools” refers to records excluded during initial screening using automated or semi-automated tools (e.g., screening software) based on predefined criteria, such as non-relevant keywords or clearly ineligible study designs. In this study, title and abstract screening were conducted manually, and no automation tools were used.