Plant-parasitic nematodes: The missing piece in unlocking the potential of finger millet as a climate-smart crop

Finger millet is increasingly recognized as a climate-smart cereal with considerable potential to enhance food and nutritional security in sub-Saharan Africa. Its exceptional nutritional value, drought tolerance and adaptation to marginal environments have renewed interest in the crop as a resilient component of sustainable food systems. Research on finger millet has largely focused on disease resistance, particularly fungal diseases such as blast, as well as drought tolerance, striga resistance, yield improvement, agronomic practices, seed systems and value addition, while belowground biotic constraints, such as plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), remain largely overlooked. Recent studies from Kenya have revealed several communities of PPNs associated with finger millet, including economically important species capable of reducing plant growth and grain yield. These findings challenge the long-held perception that finger millet is inherently resilient to soil-borne pests and identify nematodes as an underappreciated contributor to persistent yield gaps. In this perspective, we synthesize recent advances in the diversity, taxonomy, pathogenicity, diagnostics, and sustainable management of PPNs associated with finger millet and discuss their implications for crop improvement and climate-resilient agriculture. We argue that integrating nematode surveillance, accurate diagnostics, host resistance, soil health and environmentally sustainable management into finger millet research and development is essential for maximizing productivity and resilience. Finally, we highlight key research priorities and policy interventions needed to incorporate nematode science into breeding, agronomy and agricultural policy, thereby supporting sustainable intensification and resilient food systems in Africa and other finger millet-growing regions.