Prostate Cancer Perceptions and Prevention Practices Among Men: A Comparative Systematic Review of Kenyan Men with those from Developed Countries

Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among men globally. While developed countries have advanced in early detection and management, low- and middle-income countries like Kenya continue to face late diagnosis and limited access to care. Cultural beliefs, awareness levels, and health system differences critically shape prevention practices. Objective: This systematic review compared cultural perceptions, awareness, prevention behaviors, and control practices related to prostate cancer among men in Kenya and those in developed countries. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed English studies published between 2020 and 2026 examining prostate cancer perceptions, screening behaviors, and prevention practices. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were included. Data were extracted and synthesized thematically, comparing Kenyan populations with men in the United States, Germany, and India. Results: Fifty-five studies (12 from Kenya, 43 from developed countries) met inclusion criteria. Men in developed countries demonstrated higher knowledge levels, more positive attitudes toward screening, and greater uptake of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Kenyan men exhibited lower awareness, cultural misconceptions, stigma, and reduced screening participation. Key barriers in Kenya included limited healthcare access, financial constraints, and sociocultural beliefs. Facilitators in developed countries included organized screening programs, health education, and stronger health systems. Conclusion: Significant disparities exist in prostate cancer perceptions and prevention practices between Kenya and developed nations. Culturally sensitive health education, improved screening access, and policy interventions tailored to local contexts are urgently needed.