PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF HAEMOGLOBIN PHENOTYPE DISTRIBUTION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is among the most common inherited blood disorders globally, with Nigeria carrying the highest burden. Population genotype data are critical for shaping counseling, screening, and prevention policies. This study assessed haemoglobin genotype distribution among university students in Northeastern Nigeria and examined the public health implications for premarital screening, genetic counseling, and SCD prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2024 involving 315 University of Maiduguri students (162 males, 153 females; mean age 23.0 ± 3.6 years). Haemoglobin genotypes were determined by alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Frequencies were computed, and Chi-square tests evaluated sex differences (p<0.05). Results: Of 315 participants, 251 (79.7%) were HbAA, 57 (18.1%) HbAS, 5 (1.6%) HbSS, and 2 (0.6%) HbAC. Females had higher HbAA (84.3% vs 75.3%) and HbSS (2.0% vs 1.2%) than males, while HbAS was significantly more frequent in males (23.5% vs 12.4%; p≈0.01). No HbSC or rare variants were identified. Conclusion: The predominance of HbAA and relatively low HbSS prevalence suggests progress in awareness and preventive measures, yet the substantial HbAS carrier pool underscores continuing risks for SCD births. Strengthening premarital screening, accurate testing, quality genetic counseling, and newborn screening remains essential to reduce incidence and improve outcomes (Rees et al., 2010; Piel et al., 2013; Grosse et al., 2011; Nnodu et al., 2021)