Reforming Urban Waste Management in Developing Cities: Strategies, Challenges, and Outcomes of ASEPA's Sanitation Interventions in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria (2023–2025).

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has intensified municipal solid waste challenges, particularly in cities with overburdened sanitation systems. This study examines the waste management reforms implemented by the Abia State Environmental Protection Agency (ASEPA) in Aba, Nigeria, between 2023 and 2025. Drawing on a qualitative and documentary research design anchored in content analysis of government reports, policy documents, and media publications, the study evaluates the strategies adopted, achievements recorded, and persistent challenges encountered. Key interventions examined include door to-door waste collection, point-of-generation disposal systems, the waste bagging initiative, recycling and circular economy pilots, public awareness campaigns, and enforcement mechanisms. Findings indicate that the reforms have improved urban cleanliness, reduced indiscriminate dumping, strengthened institutional capacity, and fostered greater public environmental awareness. However, challenges such as inadequate funding, limited recycling infrastructure, uneven public compliance, and weak inter-agency coordination continue to constrain long-term sustainability. Comparative analysis with Lagos and Enugu highlights the importance of institutional continuity, citizen engagement, and financial investment in IJGEM driving effective sanitation reform. The study concludes that while ASEPA’s reforms represent a significant policy shift, sustained investment, robust enforcement, and deeper community participation are essential to consolidating and expanding these gains.