Most of the research in and on Africa has long held an intellectual tradition that measures African societies against externally produced ideals of order, progress, and modernity. This view manifests across disciplines, such as modernisation theory, globalisation discourse, and liberal developmentalism, with a common narrative that Africa is lacking, delayed, or incomplete, as though the continent were a failed version of the West or a social world awaiting rescue from the Western world. Such traditions have not merely described Africa; they have actively framed the terms on which African realities are interpreted and governed, and their transformation pursued.