Rural Livelihood Diversity, Kidnapping and Household Welfare: Assessing Socioeconomic Vulnerability Among Agricultural Households in Imo State, Nigeria

This study explored the interplay between rural livelihood diversity, kidnapping, and household welfare among agricultural households in Imo State, Nigeria, focusing on the socioeconomic vulnerabilities stemming from kidnapping-related shocks. It aimed to unveil how these households mix various livelihood activities, their exposure to kidnapping, the repercussions on welfare, and the protective role of livelihood diversification. Data were collected from 422 agricultural households through a structured questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that crop farming was the primary livelihood, with many households also engaged in livestock production, petty trading, agro-processing, wage employment, and other non-farm activities. The data indicated a significant exposure to kidnapping, often linked to community ties and routes to farmland. Such exposure correlated with decreased household income, agricultural production losses, heightened security costs, food insecurity, and psychological stress. Most households fell into the moderate welfare category, yet many remained vulnerable due to food insecurity and limited access to services. Respondents viewed livelihood diversification positively, with an average rating of 3.16 on a four-point Likert scale, acknowledging its benefits in income generation and resilience against agricultural shocks. Major protective strategies included petty trading and livestock production. Key vulnerability factors identified included low income, dependency on farming, and poor access to credits. The study concludes that while livelihood diversification mitigates risks associated with kidnapping, insecurity poses significant challenges for agricultural households. Recommendations include enhancing rural security, improving credit access, and expanding livelihoods and social support for vulnerable households.