Simulation and Optimization of an Off-Grid Solar–Hydropower Hybrid System for Sustainable Rural Electrification in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract Energy conservation and sustainable power supply remain critical challenges in rural communities of Rivers State, Nigeria, where electricity access is limited by weak grid infrastructure, dispersed settlements, and high dependence on costly and environmentally harmful diesel generators. These constraints result in inefficient energy use, high operational costs, and unreliable electricity supply. Addressing these challenges, this study presents a simulation and optimization of a solar–hydropower hybrid energy system for a rural community in Rivers State, with particular emphasis on energy conservation through efficient resource utilization and reduced system losses. The study employs HOMER Pro Micro-grid software to model and analyze an off-grid hybrid system integrating photovoltaic (PV) and mini-hydropower resources. The software enables comprehensive assessment of technical performance, economic viability, and energy efficiency, while optimizing component sizing to minimize excess generation and fuel dependency. Community load demand, renewable resource availability, and system costs are used as key inputs for the simulation. Results indicate that a hybrid hydro–PV configuration provides a reliable and energy-efficient solution for rural electrification, significantly reducing reliance on diesel generation and improving overall energy conservation. The optimized system demonstrates low cost of energy, reduced operational expenses, and enhanced sustainability through effective exploitation of locally available renewable resources. By balancing solar and hydropower generation, the system ensures stable electricity supply while conserving energy and minimizing environmental impact. The findings highlight the suitability of decentralized hybrid renewable energy systems as a viable strategy for energy conservation and rural electrification in Rivers State. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and energy planners seeking sustainable, cost-effective, and energy-efficient solutions for underserved rural communities.