Space use patterns by elephants in each reserve.

The distribution of habitat types within iSimangaliso Wetland Park (A), Phinda Private Game Reserve (B), and Pilanesberg National Park (C). The star within each reserve represents the location of the boma (or preconditioning enclosure) that was also the initial release site of elephants. Inset on the right are 95%fixed kernel seasonal utilization distributions (UDs) for a select adult female elephant in each of our study areas based on daytime (top) and nighttime (bottom) locations. Areas in red within the UD represent areas of high intensity use, which fade to blue in areas of low use, and reserve boundaries are demarcated by solid lines. Space use was restricted and differed between day and night at iSimangaliso Wetland Park (A), compared to Phinda Private Game Reserve (B) and Pilanesberg National Park (C).