Study area in Northwestern Madagascar.

Maps and satellite imagery showing: (A) Precipitation patterns in Madagascar as defined by the number of months with rainfall less than 60mm (precipitation data is from [33]) and forested area as of 2022 (following the method of [5]); (B) enlarged panel of Ankarafantsika National Park; and (C) the study area on January 26, 2014 and (D) on December 15, 2021. Images in (C) and (D) are Landsat-8 images courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.