Supplementary material from "Active navigation and meteorological selectivity drive insect migration patterns through the Levant"

Insect migration is crucial to many natural processes and human activities, yet large-scale patterns remain poorly understood. On the Mediterranean’s eastern shores lies a 70-km wide stretch of hospitable habitat between the sea and the Arabian Desert, which we term the Levantine Corridor, extending ~400 km south from Turkey to the edge of the Sahara. We deployed 7 biological radars over 8 years, recording 6.3 million individual large insects (>10 mg), revealing an important migration route at the nexus of three continents, with over 700 million large insects estimated to cross annually. However, a comparison with European insect migration flows suggests that Levantine insect fluxes are lower than at higher latitudes, challenging the conjecture that the Levantine Corridor acts as a funnel for insect migration as reported for birds. Insects showed strong migratory directionality differing from prevailing wind direction in spring and autumn, with mass migrations separated by periods of weaker movements. Migration intensity strongly depended on weather, with insects preferentially migrating in seasonally beneficial tailwinds when possible and in warmer temperatures. The study reveals an unexplored insect migration route with implications for food-webs, pollination, disease transmission, pest outbreaks, and species invasions across West Asia, East Europe, and Northeast Africa.