The Impact of Socio-Economic and Political Instability on Education in Nigeria

The socio-economic and political instability in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Nigeria, has significantly disrupted the education sector, leading to compromised educational outcomes. Using a systematic review of literature sourced from Web of Science and Scopus, the study examined current research trends, types, causes, and the impact of socio-economic and political instability on education in Nigeria between 2019 and 2024, a period marked by heightened insurgencies, socio-political tensions, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the PRISMA framework, the study employed rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, ultimately selecting 38 eligible studies for analysis. The findings revealed that schools have frequently become targets of attacks, resulting in student abductions, killings, sexual violence, and ransom demands, with girls being disproportionately affected. These attacks have led to widespread school closures, increased dropout rates, reduced female enrollment, limited access to education, and severe psychological distress among teachers and students. Furthermore, the findings indicated that Northwestern Nigeria experiences the highest levels of insecurity, and most studies adopted qualitative methodologies. The major causes of instability include religious extremism, marginalization, economic inequality, poor governance, arms proliferation, and climate-induced food crises. The study suggested that, beyond military interventions, solutions must include promoting good governance, strengthening educational infrastructure, expanding online learning, and investing in youth empowerment programs. Additionally, integrating mental health support into educational policies is essential to mitigate the long-term psychological impact on students and teachers. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers seeking to enhance the resilience of Nigeria’s education system amid socio-economic and political instability.