Epidemic curve of the typhoid outbreak in Kampala, Uganda, from January 1 to June 12, 2015. Based on three critical time points, (E1)–(E3) related to the outbreak (indicated by yellow, purple, and green dotted lines), the timeline was divided into four distinct periods for application in the mathematical model: P1 (January 1–February 10), P2 (February 10–February 24), P3 (February 24–March 17), and P4 (March 17–June 12).