In the past African place-names were recorded by Europeans who often had little or no knowledge of the African languages concerned, or of phonetics, and who therefore used the nearest “ home ” spelling. This “ home ” spelling depended largely on the nationality of the map-maker concerned, and the result was blocks of English, French, German, Italian, and Portuguese spellings, of varying degrees of accuracy, in the various “ spheres of interest”. In addition, where explorers‘ lines cut across each other, identical places would be furnished with names with conflicting spellings. Further, many mapmakers were led astray by their informants,’ who, as like as not, supplied them with the name of the place in the trade language rather than in the local vernacular.