Timeline examples of various regions predicted by the model.

Four examples of predictions performed by our model, from various parts of the studied region. Each vertical timeline chronologically presents i) a sample of Sentinel-2 (S2) model’s input image as reference, ii) the ground truth asm contouring label (in black) for this S2 sample, iii) the corresponding probability prediction performed by our model, and iv) the binary prediction obtained after applying a probability threshold T = 0.5. Sample a) comes from Yaoundé city in Cameroon (3°58’N: 11°30’E), sample b) comes from Kenema District in Sierra Leone (8°10’N: 10°56’W), sample c) comes from southern Nigeria (6°44’N: 5°09’E) and sample d) comes from Koinadugu District, Sierra Leone (9°09’N: 11°27’W). Sources: Sentinel-2 (from the Copernicus program) & author calculations.