Transit Without Policy: Tunisia's Struggle to Govern African Migration to Europe

Recent shifting migration dynamics in North Africa have placed Tunisia at the center of transit routes for migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa heading to Europe, creating growing pressure on its economy, institutions, and international relations. This policy paper examines the main drivers of this trend, including regional instability, shifting migration routes, and the limited capacity of Tunisia’s current migration policies. It reviews government actions such as return agreements, EU-funded border efforts, and enforcement measures, and highlights their shortcomings, particularly in terms of long-term planning and human rights protection. Drawing on examples from Morocco and Spain, the paper proposes a broader strategy that combines border control with legal pathways and stronger protection for migrants. The paper also discusses the role of international support and the practical challenges Tunisia may face in carrying out such a plan.