Abstract
The earliest encounters between Europeans and the people of what is now South Africa resulted in the first attempts to translate texts and contexts among the different languages and cultures of the region. The process of translation among indigenous laborers, colonial administrators, and other groups helped to develop a literary tradition that encompassed poetry, novels, and essays. However, the fraught colonial context also contributed to the idea that the modern Black writer is not so much a translator at the level of linguistics, grammar, and phonetics but is instead more of a transmitter and assessor of custom and tradition. That tension continues to be a major part of the South African literary tradition, with its inherited orality, its connection to European traditions, and its history of resistance and defiance during the apartheid era.