Urban Agriculture in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria: Farmers' Experiences, Constraints, and Livelihood Benefits

Abstract Urban agriculture is widely practiced in Nigerian cities, yet studies in mid-sized cities like Jos have paid limited attention to how farmers experience, negotiate, and sustain farming under urban constraints. This study examined the experiences, challenges, and perceived benefits of urban agriculture among farmers in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State. A convergent mixed-methods design was adopted. Survey data were collected from 300 urban farmers selected through multistage sampling, and qualitative data were obtained from 20 in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions across four wards. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings showed that farming is predominantly small-scale and household-based, with most respondents cultivating vegetables on plots under half a hectare and farming year-round. Key constraints included insecure land tenure, high input costs, and seasonal water shortages, all of which were significantly associated with disruptions to farming activities. Despite these constraints, a majority of farmers reported improved household food access, additional income from sales, better health and well-being, and stronger community connections. Qualitative narratives confirmed that farming supports daily survival and social ties, even amid risks of eviction and environmental hazards. The study concludes that urban agriculture in Jos is essential to livelihood and food security but remains precarious in the absence of policy recognition and structural support. Recommendations include formal land-use zoning, input and water support, and strengthened market linkages.