Bias in gender representation, by country and subject.

Note: These figures show the predicted mean share of gendered words that are female. This measure is first calculated for each individual book, which are then estimated as a function of country, subject, grade, and (log) book length. We exclude countries with fewer than five books in our corpus. The high-income countries are Australia, the UK, and the United States. The low and middle income countries with donor-funded books are Bhutan, Ethiopia, Guyana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Tonga, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.