Bias in gender representation, by country, subject, and income group (including names).

Note: These figures show the predicted mean share of gendered words that are female. Here, word counts for each gender include names identified as male or female. This measure is first calculated for each individual book, which are then estimated as a function of country, subject, grade, and (log) book length. We exclude countries with fewer than five books in our corpus. The high-income countries are Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The low and middle income countries with donor-funded books are Bhutan, Ethiopia, Guyana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Tonga, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

(ZIP)