This brief is the third in a linked set of analyses examining the biomedicalisation of HIV prevention and its implications for African epidemic governance. The first paper addressed biomedical triumphalism and the displacement of social and structural responses. The second examined Kenya as an example of epidemic-led, sovereign prevention governance. This brief returns to the central concept running through both documents: HIV prevention itself.
It is designed to strengthen prevention literacy for African policymakers, practitioners, programme managers, researchers, advocates and journalists. It explains how HIV infections are averted, how prevention impact is judged, why efficacy differs from effectiveness, and why claims about epidemic change must be tested against real-world epidemiological conditions, social contexts, delivery systems, financing, and the practical opportunities for averting infections.
The brief treats HIV prevention as a governance practice, not simply a technical package. It considers concepts and questions for assessing prevention claims from the epidemic outward, so countries can protect what works, govern what is new, and retain the authority to determine what matters.