Methodological Assessment of Municipal Infrastructure Asset Systems in Rwanda Using Difference-in-Differences for Adoption Rate Measurement

Municipal infrastructure in Rwanda has seen significant investment in recent years to improve service delivery and urban development. However, there is a need for methodological evaluation of these systems to assess their effectiveness and adoption rates. The DiD approach was employed to estimate the impact of policy changes on the adoption rates of municipal infrastructure projects. Data from multiple years were analysed to control for potential confounding variables and ensure robust estimates. A notable trend observed in the findings is a consistent increase in the adoption rate of smart city solutions, indicating that municipalities are increasingly integrating digital technologies into their infrastructures. The DiD model provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of municipal infrastructure investments by quantifying how policy changes influenced adoption rates. This study contributes to the literature on methodological evaluation of urban development initiatives in developing countries. Future research should consider longitudinal data collection and cross-sectional comparisons across different municipalities to enhance the robustness of DiD analyses. Municipal Infrastructure, Adoption Rate, Difference-in-Differences (DiD), Rwanda The maintenance outcome was modelled as $Y_{it}=\beta_0+\beta_1X_{it}+u_i+\varepsilon_{it}$, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.